Tag Archives: agriculture machinery wheel

China Custom Hot Sale 60HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe near me supplier

Product Description

.

1. Our wheel tractors rank first in sales in China.

2. 20 years of export experience.

3. 30 years tractor production engineer.


 

Model                                 TK704
Machine parameters Type 4×4
Rated Traction( KN) 16.2
PTO Max Power (KW) 43.8
Dimensions(mm) 3560×1650×2350
Wheelbase(mm) 1965

Track(mm)

Front wheel(mm) 1150
Rear wheel(mm) 1200-1360
 Ground clearance(mm) Minimum ground clearance(mm) 330
  Use unilateral braking 2.85±0.20
  Not unilateral braking 3.15±0.30
Minimum use quality 1660
Gearbox 8F+8R Shuttle Shift
Steering System  hydraulic steering gear
Drive Train Clutch double acting clutch
Working equipment Maximum lifting force at 610mm(KN) ≥10
Suspension mechanism Three-piont suspension type 1
PTO shaft PTO Spedd(r/min) 540/760(option: 540/1000)
Tire Front wheel specifications 6.00-16/6.5-16/7.5-16
Rear wheel specifications 9.5-24/11.2-24/12.4-24
Engine Type Inline, 4 stroke, Water cooled
Cylinder 4

Optional

Cabin AC/Heater
Roll bar
Canopy

Perfusion volume

Radiater(L) 10
Fuel tank(L) 29
Engine oil pan(L) 5
Driveline oil (L) 20
Lifter(L) 9.5
This parameter table is for reference only, everything is based on actual products
 

50HP-70HP(8F+8R) Series Tractors
*Flat floor,8+8 shuttle shift,side-mounted gear,convenient and flexible operation, multiple gear selections, and strong adaptability.
*Fully sealed front axle, with good sealing performance, preventing mud and water ingress, both flood and drought. *Achieve a narrow wheelbase, adjustable from 0.96-1.2 meters, and a wider range of adaptation. *Double clutch,separate operation of driving and power output, more suitable for sowing and receiving use. *Rear-mounted, central-mounted cylinder front axle,the left and right turning radius are the same, flexible and convenient. *Standard configuration with 2 sets of 2 way valves to meet the needs of different agricultural machinery. *Optional air brake device to meet the needs of road transportation.

Engine
* 4 cylinder turbocharged diesel engine, Powerful and easy to maintain.
* Could choose china famous brand engine, Xichai, YTO, Xinchai etc.
* Low fuel consumption and large torque reserve.
* Cooling system effectively reduce engine temperature.

Cabin inside
* The 4-post cabin allows the driver to have a wider field of vision.
* Flat floor design is free and comfortable.
* Steering
wheel with direction ball makes it easier to operate.
* Shuttle shift makes forward and backward clear at a glance.
* Shock absorption seats, driving on bumpy roads will not have too much shock.

Lifter
* Hydraulic lifter, greater lifting force, the downward pressure is more powerful, which can better press agricultural machinery into the soil.
* 2 groups hydraulic output, can be connected to agricultural machinery using hydraulic oil.
* 3-point lift power 1050kg.
 

The Benefits of Spline Couplings for Disc Brake Mounting Interfaces

Spline couplings are commonly used for securing disc brake mounting interfaces. Spline couplings are often used in high-performance vehicles, aeronautics, and many other applications. However, the mechanical benefits of splines are not immediately obvious. Listed below are the benefits of spline couplings. We’ll discuss what these advantages mean for you. Read on to discover how these couplings work.

Disc brake mounting interfaces are splined

There are 2 common disc brake mounting interfaces – splined and six-bolt. Splined rotors fit on splined hubs; six-bolt rotors will need an adapter to fit on six-bolt hubs. The six-bolt method is easier to maintain and may be preferred by many cyclists. If you’re thinking of installing a disc brake system, it is important to know how to choose the right splined and center lock interfaces.
splineshaft

Aerospace applications

The splines used for spline coupling in aircraft are highly complex. While some previous researches have addressed the design of splines, few publications have tackled the problem of misaligned spline coupling. Nevertheless, the accurate results we obtained were obtained using dedicated simulation tools, which are not commercially available. Nevertheless, such tools can provide a useful reference for our approach. It would be beneficial if designers could use simple tools for evaluating contact pressure peaks. Our analytical approach makes it possible to find answers to such questions.
The design of a spline coupling for aerospace applications must be accurate to minimize weight and prevent failure mechanisms. In addition to weight reduction, it is necessary to minimize fretting fatigue. The pressure distribution on the spline coupling teeth is a significant factor in determining its fretting fatigue. Therefore, we use analytical and experimental methods to examine the contact pressure distribution in the axial direction of spline couplings.
The teeth of a spline coupling can be categorized by the type of engagement they provide. This study investigates the position of resultant contact forces in the teeth of a spline coupling when applied to pitch diameter. Using FEM models, numerical results are generated for nominal and parallel offset misalignments. The axial tooth profile determines the behavior of the coupling component and its ability to resist wear. Angular misalignment is also a concern, causing misalignment.
In order to assess wear damage of a spline coupling, we must take into consideration the impact of fretting on the components. This wear is caused by relative motion between the teeth that engage them. The misalignment may be caused by vibrations, cyclical tooth deflection, or angular misalignment. The result of this analysis may help designers improve their spline coupling designs and develop improved performance.
CZPT polyimide, an abrasion-resistant polymer, is a popular choice for high-temperature spline couplings. This material reduces friction and wear, provides a low friction surface, and has a low wear rate. Furthermore, it offers up to 50 times the life of metal on metal spline connections. For these reasons, it is important to choose the right material for your spline coupling.
splineshaft

High-performance vehicles

A spline coupler is a device used to connect splined shafts. A typical spline coupler resembles a short pipe with splines on either end. There are 2 basic types of spline coupling: single and dual spline. One type attaches to a drive shaft, while the other attaches to the gearbox. While spline couplings are typically used in racing, they’re also used for performance problems.
The key challenge in spline couplings is to determine the optimal dimension of spline joints. This is difficult because no commercial codes allow the simulation of misaligned joints, which can destroy components. This article presents analytical approaches to estimating contact pressures in spline connections. The results are comparable with numerical approaches but require special codes to accurately model the coupling operation. This research highlights several important issues and aims to make the application of spline couplings in high-performance vehicles easier.
The stiffness of spline assemblies can be calculated using tooth-like structures. Such splines can be incorporated into the spline joint to produce global stiffness for torsional vibration analysis. Bearing reactions are calculated for a certain level of misalignment. This information can be used to design bearing dimensions and correct misalignment. There are 3 types of spline couplings.
Major diameter fit splines are made with tightly controlled outside diameters. This close fit provides concentricity transfer from the male to the female spline. The teeth of the male spline usually have chamfered tips and clearance with fillet radii. These splines are often manufactured from billet steel or aluminum. These materials are renowned for their strength and uniform grain created by the forging process. ANSI and DIN design manuals define classes of fit.
splineshaft

Disc brake mounting interfaces

A spline coupling for disc brake mounting interfaces is a type of hub-to-brake-disc mount. It is a highly durable coupling mechanism that reduces heat transfer from the disc to the axle hub. The mounting arrangement also isolates the axle hub from direct contact with the disc. It is also designed to minimize the amount of vehicle downtime and maintenance required to maintain proper alignment.
Disc brakes typically have substantial metal-to-metal contact with axle hub splines. The discs are held in place on the hub by intermediate inserts. This metal-to-metal contact also aids in the transfer of brake heat from the brake disc to the axle hub. Spline coupling for disc brake mounting interfaces comprises a mounting ring that is either a threaded or non-threaded spline.
During drag brake experiments, perforated friction blocks filled with various additive materials are introduced. The materials included include Cu-based powder metallurgy material, a composite material, and a Mn-Cu damping alloy. The filling material affects the braking interface’s wear behavior and friction-induced vibration characteristics. Different filling materials produce different types of wear debris and have different wear evolutions. They also differ in their surface morphology.
Disc brake couplings are usually made of 2 different types. The plain and HD versions are interchangeable. The plain version is the simplest to install, while the HD version has multiple components. The two-piece couplings are often installed at the same time, but with different mounting interfaces. You should make sure to purchase the appropriate coupling for your vehicle. These interfaces are a vital component of your vehicle and must be installed correctly for proper operation.
Disc brakes use disc-to-hub elements that help locate the forces and displace them to the rim. These elements are typically made of stainless steel, which increases the cost of manufacturing the disc brake mounting interface. Despite their benefits, however, the high braking force loads they endure are hard on the materials. Moreover, excessive heat transferred to the intermediate elements can adversely affect the fatigue life and long-term strength of the brake system.

China Custom Hot Sale 60HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe     near me supplier China Custom Hot Sale 60HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe     near me supplier

China Professional Hot Sale Discount 50HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe with Great quality

Product Description

.

1. Our wheel tractors rank first in sales in China.

2. 20 years of export experience.

3. 30 years tractor production engineer.


 

Model                                 TK704
Machine parameters Type 4×4
Rated Traction( KN) 16.2
PTO Max Power (KW) 43.8
Dimensions(mm) 3560×1650×2350
Wheelbase(mm) 1965

Track(mm)

Front wheel(mm) 1150
Rear wheel(mm) 1200-1360
 Ground clearance(mm) Minimum ground clearance(mm) 330
  Use unilateral braking 2.85±0.20
  Not unilateral braking 3.15±0.30
Minimum use quality 1660
Gearbox 8F+8R Shuttle Shift
Steering System  hydraulic steering gear
Drive Train Clutch double acting clutch
Working equipment Maximum lifting force at 610mm(KN) ≥10
Suspension mechanism Three-piont suspension type 1
PTO shaft PTO Spedd(r/min) 540/760(option: 540/1000)
Tire Front wheel specifications 6.00-16/6.5-16/7.5-16
Rear wheel specifications 9.5-24/11.2-24/12.4-24
Engine Type Inline, 4 stroke, Water cooled
Cylinder 4

Optional

Cabin AC/Heater
Roll bar
Canopy

Perfusion volume

Radiater(L) 10
Fuel tank(L) 29
Engine oil pan(L) 5
Driveline oil (L) 20
Lifter(L) 9.5
This parameter table is for reference only, everything is based on actual products
 

50HP-70HP(8F+8R) Series Tractors
*Flat floor,8+8 shuttle shift,side-mounted gear,convenient and flexible operation, multiple gear selections, and strong adaptability.
*Fully sealed front axle, with good sealing performance, preventing mud and water ingress, both flood and drought. *Achieve a narrow wheelbase, adjustable from 0.96-1.2 meters, and a wider range of adaptation. *Double clutch,separate operation of driving and power output, more suitable for sowing and receiving use. *Rear-mounted, central-mounted cylinder front axle,the left and right turning radius are the same, flexible and convenient. *Standard configuration with 2 sets of 2 way valves to meet the needs of different agricultural machinery. *Optional air brake device to meet the needs of road transportation.

Engine
* 4 cylinder turbocharged diesel engine, Powerful and easy to maintain.
* Could choose china famous brand engine, Xichai, YTO, Xinchai etc.
* Low fuel consumption and large torque reserve.
* Cooling system effectively reduce engine temperature.

Cabin inside
* The 4-post cabin allows the driver to have a wider field of vision.
* Flat floor design is free and comfortable.
* Steering
wheel with direction ball makes it easier to operate.
* Shuttle shift makes forward and backward clear at a glance.
* Shock absorption seats, driving on bumpy roads will not have too much shock.

Lifter
* Hydraulic lifter, greater lifting force, the downward pressure is more powerful, which can better press agricultural machinery into the soil.
* 2 groups hydraulic output, can be connected to agricultural machinery using hydraulic oil.
* 3-point lift power 1050kg.
 

Applications of Spline Couplings

A spline coupling is a highly effective means of connecting 2 or more components. These types of couplings are very efficient, as they combine linear motion with rotation, and their efficiency makes them a desirable choice in numerous applications. Read on to learn more about the main characteristics and applications of spline couplings. You will also be able to determine the predicted operation and wear. You can easily design your own couplings by following the steps outlined below.
splineshaft

Optimal design

The spline coupling plays an important role in transmitting torque. It consists of a hub and a shaft with splines that are in surface contact without relative motion. Because they are connected, their angular velocity is the same. The splines can be designed with any profile that minimizes friction. Because they are in contact with each other, the load is not evenly distributed, concentrating on a small area, which can deform the hub surface.
Optimal spline coupling design takes into account several factors, including weight, material characteristics, and performance requirements. In the aeronautics industry, weight is an important design factor. S.A.E. and ANSI tables do not account for weight when calculating the performance requirements of spline couplings. Another critical factor is space. Spline couplings may need to fit in tight spaces, or they may be subject to other configuration constraints.
Optimal design of spline couplers may be characterized by an odd number of teeth. However, this is not always the case. If the external spline’s outer diameter exceeds a certain threshold, the optimal spline coupling model may not be an optimal choice for this application. To optimize a spline coupling for a specific application, the user may need to consider the sizing method that is most appropriate for their application.
Once a design is generated, the next step is to test the resulting spline coupling. The system must check for any design constraints and validate that it can be produced using modern manufacturing techniques. The resulting spline coupling model is then exported to an optimisation tool for further analysis. The method enables a designer to easily manipulate the design of a spline coupling and reduce its weight.
The spline coupling model 20 includes the major structural features of a spline coupling. A product model software program 10 stores default values for each of the spline coupling’s specifications. The resulting spline model is then calculated in accordance with the algorithm used in the present invention. The software allows the designer to enter the spline coupling’s radii, thickness, and orientation.
splineshaft

Characteristics

An important aspect of aero-engine splines is the load distribution among the teeth. The researchers have performed experimental tests and have analyzed the effect of lubrication conditions on the coupling behavior. Then, they devised a theoretical model using a Ruiz parameter to simulate the actual working conditions of spline couplings. This model explains the wear damage caused by the spline couplings by considering the influence of friction, misalignment, and other conditions that are relevant to the splines’ performance.
In order to design a spline coupling, the user first inputs the design criteria for sizing load carrying sections, including the external spline 40 of the spline coupling model 30. Then, the user specifies torque margin performance requirement specifications, such as the yield limit, plastic buckling, and creep buckling. The software program then automatically calculates the size and configuration of the load carrying sections and the shaft. These specifications are then entered into the model software program 10 as specification values.
Various spline coupling configuration specifications are input on the GUI screen 80. The software program 10 then generates a spline coupling model by storing default values for the various specifications. The user then can manipulate the spline coupling model by modifying its various specifications. The final result will be a computer-aided design that enables designers to optimize spline couplings based on their performance and design specifications.
The spline coupling model software program continually evaluates the validity of spline coupling models for a particular application. For example, if a user enters a data value signal corresponding to a parameter signal, the software compares the value of the signal entered to the corresponding value in the knowledge base. If the values are outside the specifications, a warning message is displayed. Once this comparison is completed, the spline coupling model software program outputs a report with the results.
Various spline coupling design factors include weight, material properties, and performance requirements. Weight is 1 of the most important design factors, particularly in the aeronautics field. ANSI and S.A.E. tables do not consider these factors when calculating the load characteristics of spline couplings. Other design requirements may also restrict the configuration of a spline coupling.

Applications

Spline couplings are a type of mechanical joint that connects 2 rotating shafts. Its 2 parts engage teeth that transfer load. Although splines are commonly over-dimensioned, they are still prone to fatigue and static behavior. These properties also make them prone to wear and tear. Therefore, proper design and selection are vital to minimize wear and tear on splines. There are many applications of spline couplings.
A key design is based on the size of the shaft being joined. This allows for the proper spacing of the keys. A novel method of hobbing allows for the formation of tapered bases without interference, and the root of the keys is concentric with the axis. These features enable for high production rates. Various applications of spline couplings can be found in various industries. To learn more, read on.
FE based methodology can predict the wear rate of spline couplings by including the evolution of the coefficient of friction. This method can predict fretting wear from simple round-on-flat geometry, and has been calibrated with experimental data. The predicted wear rate is reasonable compared to the experimental data. Friction evolution in spline couplings depends on the spline geometry. It is also crucial to consider the lubrication condition of the splines.
Using a spline coupling reduces backlash and ensures proper alignment of mated components. The shaft’s splined tooth form transfers rotation from the splined shaft to the internal splined member, which may be a gear or other rotary device. A spline coupling’s root strength and torque requirements determine the type of spline coupling that should be used.
The spline root is usually flat and has a crown on 1 side. The crowned spline has a symmetrical crown at the centerline of the face-width of the spline. As the spline length decreases toward the ends, the teeth are becoming thinner. The tooth diameter is measured in pitch. This means that the male spline has a flat root and a crowned spline.
splineshaft

Predictability

Spindle couplings are used in rotating machinery to connect 2 shafts. They are composed of 2 parts with teeth that engage each other and transfer load. Spline couplings are commonly over-dimensioned and are prone to static and fatigue behavior. Wear phenomena are also a common problem with splines. To address these issues, it is essential to understand the behavior and predictability of these couplings.
Dynamic behavior of spline-rotor couplings is often unclear, particularly if the system is not integrated with the rotor. For example, when a misalignment is not present, the main response frequency is 1 X-rotating speed. As the misalignment increases, the system starts to vibrate in complex ways. Furthermore, as the shaft orbits depart from the origin, the magnitudes of all the frequencies increase. Thus, research results are useful in determining proper design and troubleshooting of rotor systems.
The model of misaligned spline couplings can be obtained by analyzing the stress-compression relationships between 2 spline pairs. The meshing force model of splines is a function of the system mass, transmitting torque, and dynamic vibration displacement. This model holds when the dynamic vibration displacement is small. Besides, the CZPT stepping integration method is stable and has high efficiency.
The slip distributions are a function of the state of lubrication, coefficient of friction, and loading cycles. The predicted wear depths are well within the range of measured values. These predictions are based on the slip distributions. The methodology predicts increased wear under lightly lubricated conditions, but not under added lubrication. The lubrication condition and coefficient of friction are the key factors determining the wear behavior of splines.

China Professional Hot Sale Discount 50HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe     with Great qualityChina Professional Hot Sale Discount 50HP 70HP China Agriculture Machinery Manufacturer 4WD Small Compact Garden Cheap Wheel Mini Farm Tractor with Front End Loader and Backhoe     with Great quality

China factory Zambia Hot Sale Farm Machinery Dq1504 150HP Yto Engine 4WD Agriculture Wheel Farming Tractor with Canopy wholesaler

Product Description

Zambia hot sale Farm machinery DQ1504 150HP YTO engine 4WD Agriculture wheel Farming Tractor with Canopy

Tractor Main Features and Advantages:

1.Equipped famous brand engine showing advanced capacity,low fuel consumption,high economic efficiency.
2. Streamlined appearance design, beautiful and generous.
3.Transmission Case adopt meshed shift and add the gearbox interlock device makes the operation more smoothly,reliable and easier.
4. Double action clutch with disc spring, perform steadily and easy to operate.
5. Fully hydraulic steering system greatly reduced driver’s work strength.
6. Wet disc brake device, reliable brake performance.
7. Separate injection of hydraulic oil, reliable to operate.
8. The lifter with force and position adjustment, with reliable lift.
9. Tractor PTO:
PTO in Double speed : 540/760r/min Optional, For high working efficiency.
PTO shaft of 6 or 8 spline Optional, adaptable for agricultural equipment of all over the world.
10. Big Chassis and Heavy-duty Rear axle for Durable Strong machine.
11. Full series light, ROPS,Sunshade/Canopy, Fan/Heater/Air-conditioned cabin are all available, for more comfortable driving environment. 

Tractor Main specificaiton and Technical parameters:

Model DQ1504
Drive type  4×4, 4WD wheel type
Engine
Engine brand and model YTO brand, diesel engine Model LR6M3Z-23
Type   In-line, direct injection,Water cooling, 4 stroke,6-cylinder
Aspiration way Turbo
Engine power at rated speed 110.3kw/150HP
Rated Power of PTO 94 KW
Max. traction Force (KN) 32.5
Displacement(L) 7.13
Compression ratio 18:1
Rated speed (r/min) 2300
Lowest fuel consumption (g/kw.h) ≤210
Cylinder·Bore·Stroke 6-110×125
Fuel tank capacity (L) 350
Muffler Dimension (Dia.×Length) (mm) φ600×295×140
Muffler weight (kg) 7.2
Steering type Full Hydraulic steering
Transmission
Clutch USA JpV brand, 13 inch dual-stage Clutch
PTO Speed (rpm) 540/1000
Gearshift 16F+8R
Speed range (km/h) F: 1.37-32.93 / R:2.09-30.63
Driving brake Wet, disk, hydro-static operate
Gearbox 4×2×(2+1)
Gearbox shifting way Joggle cover
Walking system
Frame type Frameless
Tyre size( front/rear) 14.9-26/18.4-38
Pressure( front/rear) (kPa) 157-196/150-200
Rim material 330CL
Working device
Lifter type Semi-detached model
Max. Lifting force (KN) 27
Suspension model Rear, three-point linkages
Suspension category  Category II or III
Adjusting control Position control, float control
Hydraulic pump type Gear pump CBN-E325L
Hydraulic output valve 3 Groups
P.T.O. type 1 type, rear
Spline no. of P.T.O. 6( standard), 8, 21
Diameter of spline 35
RPM 540/1000 or 760/1000
Technical parameter
Overall Dimension (LxWxH) (mm) 5240×2345×2995
Wheel base (mm) 2530/2657
Track base-Front /R(mm) 1650-2285 (1950 ex-work) /1620-2420 (1850 ex-work)
Track base adjusting way Limited/unlimited
Minimum ground clearance (mm)  520
Min. operational weight (kg) 4755
Front /Rear axle weight (kg) 2050/2705
Front Ballast 440kg (11 pcs, 40kg/pcs)
Rear Ballast 520kg (2 lays each side)
Covering Air-conditioning Cabin or Sunshade (Canopy)
Structure weight (kg) 5400(without cabin)/5780 (with cabin)

DQ1504 150HP 4WD Heavy duty big tractor showing:

DQ1504 150HP 4WD Tractor have Canpy(Sunshade) type and AC cabin type for choose:

Top-rank technical team and Advance R&D Center :

Advance Production workshop :

Strictly inspect for every set machine before Goods Delivery :

Company Honors and Certificates:

Personalized Packing and Transporting Service to meet different customers’ demand :

Perfect after-sale service for both Distributors and Private customers:


Please contact us if you have any demand for our Product  :

Best price will be quoted for you as soon as receive your Requirement !

How to Calculate Stiffness, Centering Force, Wear and Fatigue Failure of Spline Couplings

There are various types of spline couplings. These couplings have several important properties. These properties are: Stiffness, Involute splines, Misalignment, Wear and fatigue failure. To understand how these characteristics relate to spline couplings, read this article. It will give you the necessary knowledge to determine which type of coupling best suits your needs. Keeping in mind that spline couplings are usually spherical in shape, they are made of steel.
splineshaft

Involute splines

An effective side interference condition minimizes gear misalignment. When 2 splines are coupled with no spline misalignment, the maximum tensile root stress shifts to the left by 5 mm. A linear lead variation, which results from multiple connections along the length of the spline contact, increases the effective clearance or interference by a given percentage. This type of misalignment is undesirable for coupling high-speed equipment.
Involute splines are often used in gearboxes. These splines transmit high torque, and are better able to distribute load among multiple teeth throughout the coupling circumference. The involute profile and lead errors are related to the spacing between spline teeth and keyways. For coupling applications, industry practices use splines with 25 to 50-percent of spline teeth engaged. This load distribution is more uniform than that of conventional single-key couplings.
To determine the optimal tooth engagement for an involved spline coupling, Xiangzhen Xue and colleagues used a computer model to simulate the stress applied to the splines. The results from this study showed that a “permissible” Ruiz parameter should be used in coupling. By predicting the amount of wear and tear on a crowned spline, the researchers could accurately predict how much damage the components will sustain during the coupling process.
There are several ways to determine the optimal pressure angle for an involute spline. Involute splines are commonly measured using a pressure angle of 30 degrees. Similar to gears, involute splines are typically tested through a measurement over pins. This involves inserting specific-sized wires between gear teeth and measuring the distance between them. This method can tell whether the gear has a proper tooth profile.
The spline system shown in Figure 1 illustrates a vibration model. This simulation allows the user to understand how involute splines are used in coupling. The vibration model shows 4 concentrated mass blocks that represent the prime mover, the internal spline, and the load. It is important to note that the meshing deformation function represents the forces acting on these 3 components.
splineshaft

Stiffness of coupling

The calculation of stiffness of a spline coupling involves the measurement of its tooth engagement. In the following, we analyze the stiffness of a spline coupling with various types of teeth using 2 different methods. Direct inversion and blockwise inversion both reduce CPU time for stiffness calculation. However, they require evaluation submatrices. Here, we discuss the differences between these 2 methods.
The analytical model for spline couplings is derived in the second section. In the third section, the calculation process is explained in detail. We then validate this model against the FE method. Finally, we discuss the influence of stiffness nonlinearity on the rotor dynamics. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We present a simple yet effective method for estimating the lateral stiffness of spline couplings.
The numerical calculation of the spline coupling is based on the semi-analytical spline load distribution model. This method involves refined contact grids and updating the compliance matrix at each iteration. Hence, it consumes significant computational time. Further, it is difficult to apply this method to the dynamic analysis of a rotor. This method has its own limitations and should be used only when the spline coupling is fully investigated.
The meshing force is the force generated by a misaligned spline coupling. It is related to the spline thickness and the transmitting torque of the rotor. The meshing force is also related to the dynamic vibration displacement. The result obtained from the meshing force analysis is given in Figures 7, 8, and 9.
The analysis presented in this paper aims to investigate the stiffness of spline couplings with a misaligned spline. Although the results of previous studies were accurate, some issues remained. For example, the misalignment of the spline may cause contact damages. The aim of this article is to investigate the problems associated with misaligned spline couplings and propose an analytical approach for estimating the contact pressure in a spline connection. We also compare our results to those obtained by pure numerical approaches.

Misalignment

To determine the centering force, the effective pressure angle must be known. Using the effective pressure angle, the centering force is calculated based on the maximum axial and radial loads and updated Dudley misalignment factors. The centering force is the maximum axial force that can be transmitted by friction. Several published misalignment factors are also included in the calculation. A new method is presented in this paper that considers the cam effect in the normal force.
In this new method, the stiffness along the spline joint can be integrated to obtain a global stiffness that is applicable to torsional vibration analysis. The stiffness of bearings can also be calculated at given levels of misalignment, allowing for accurate estimation of bearing dimensions. It is advisable to check the stiffness of bearings at all times to ensure that they are properly sized and aligned.
A misalignment in a spline coupling can result in wear or even failure. This is caused by an incorrectly aligned pitch profile. This problem is often overlooked, as the teeth are in contact throughout the involute profile. This causes the load to not be evenly distributed along the contact line. Consequently, it is important to consider the effect of misalignment on the contact force on the teeth of the spline coupling.
The centre of the male spline in Figure 2 is superposed on the female spline. The alignment meshing distances are also identical. Hence, the meshing force curves will change according to the dynamic vibration displacement. It is necessary to know the parameters of a spline coupling before implementing it. In this paper, the model for misalignment is presented for spline couplings and the related parameters.
Using a self-made spline coupling test rig, the effects of misalignment on a spline coupling are studied. In contrast to the typical spline coupling, misalignment in a spline coupling causes fretting wear at a specific position on the tooth surface. This is a leading cause of failure in these types of couplings.
splineshaft

Wear and fatigue failure

The failure of a spline coupling due to wear and fatigue is determined by the first occurrence of tooth wear and shaft misalignment. Standard design methods do not account for wear damage and assess the fatigue life with big approximations. Experimental investigations have been conducted to assess wear and fatigue damage in spline couplings. The tests were conducted on a dedicated test rig and special device connected to a standard fatigue machine. The working parameters such as torque, misalignment angle, and axial distance have been varied in order to measure fatigue damage. Over dimensioning has also been assessed.
During fatigue and wear, mechanical sliding takes place between the external and internal splines and results in catastrophic failure. The lack of literature on the wear and fatigue of spline couplings in aero-engines may be due to the lack of data on the coupling’s application. Wear and fatigue failure in splines depends on a number of factors, including the material pair, geometry, and lubrication conditions.
The analysis of spline couplings shows that over-dimensioning is common and leads to different damages in the system. Some of the major damages are wear, fretting, corrosion, and teeth fatigue. Noise problems have also been observed in industrial settings. However, it is difficult to evaluate the contact behavior of spline couplings, and numerical simulations are often hampered by the use of specific codes and the boundary element method.
The failure of a spline gear coupling was caused by fatigue, and the fracture initiated at the bottom corner radius of the keyway. The keyway and splines had been overloaded beyond their yield strength, and significant yielding was observed in the spline gear teeth. A fracture ring of non-standard alloy steel exhibited a sharp corner radius, which was a significant stress raiser.
Several components were studied to determine their life span. These components include the spline shaft, the sealing bolt, and the graphite ring. Each of these components has its own set of design parameters. However, there are similarities in the distributions of these components. Wear and fatigue failure of spline couplings can be attributed to a combination of the 3 factors. A failure mode is often defined as a non-linear distribution of stresses and strains.

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